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Daniele De Maria from Proge Plast Joins the Tyre Recycling Podcast in Melbourne

Daniele De Maria from Proge Plast Engineering joined The Tyre Recycling Podcast for Episode 82, reporting directly from the Round Trip Tyre and Conveyor Belt Recycling Summit in Melbourne.

Proge Plast Engineering Feature in Episode 82 of The Tyre Recycling Podcast

In this episode, Daniele outlines Proge Plast’s innovative manufacturing technologies that transform recycled rubber crumbs into high-performance products for the sports and construction sectors. He details the company’s unique extrusion and injection moulding processes and explains their strategy for global expansion through local partnerships, ensuring that manufacturing solutions remain regional to effectively close the loop.

Chapters:

0:00 Introduction to Episode #82 from the Round Trip Summit

2:15 Daniele De Maria’s Objectives for the Event

3:10 Overview of Proge Plast Engineering

4:53 Deep Dive: Rubber Granular Extruder Technology

6:14 Innovations in Injection Molding

7:19 Handling Contaminants & Production Outputs

8:51 The Importance of Regional Manufacturing Models

10:54 Strategy for Partnerships and Joint Ventures

11:59 Proge Plast’s Global Footprint & Market Focus

16:09 Mechanical vs. Chemical Recycling: Proge Plast’s Stance

17:35 Re_soft: Shock Pads and Product Development

19:56 Achieving 70-80% Recycled Content

22:00 Future Applications: Infrastructure, Mining & Sound Insulation

23:22 Conclusion to Episode #82

Major Recognition for Adele Rose

Huge congratulations to 3R’s CEO, Adele Rose — winner of the 2025 Sustainable Business Awards’ Transformational Leadership Award!

Adele Rose has been celebrated by the Sustainable Business Network for her outstanding leadership at 3R Group Ltd and her influence beyond the organisation. This accolade is a testament to both her personal vision and the pivotal role 3R plays in developing a regenerative, circular economy for Aotearoa New Zealand.

Nearly Two Decades of Impact

Rose has steered 3R for almost twenty years, championing and scaling some of the most significant product stewardship programmes across New Zealand. These include Tyrewise, Resene’s PaintWise, the Battery Industry Group (B.I.G.), and Agrecovery, which 3R managed until 2017 before passing it on to support its next stage of growth. Throughout her tenure, Rose has skilfully navigated complex policy, industry, and community environments with clarity and purpose.

Under Rose’s leadership, 3R has revolutionised some of New Zealand’s most challenging waste streams, creating robust and trusted systems. She has helped transform the founding vision of a “world without waste” into measurable, practical actions that increase in impact each year.

Influence Beyond 3R

Rose’s influence reaches far beyond the company. As Chair of the Āmiomio Aotearoa Advisory Group, she has played a crucial role in advancing systems-level thinking around regeneration, resource flows, and policy for long-term circularity in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Key Achievements with Adele at the Helm

  • Tyrewise: New Zealand’s first regulated tyre stewardship scheme now boasts over 5,000 partners and has collected millions of end-of-life tyres.
  • Paint Takeback Programmes: Partnerships with Dulux and Wattyl provide nationwide recycling opportunities for paint and packaging.
  • Stewardship Projects: Through these initiatives, 3R is helping to prevent legacy chemicals from harming communities and ecosystems.

Rose’s vision extends well beyond reducing waste; she is dedicated to regeneration. Her leadership is about designing systems that place circularity and wellbeing at their core. Rose is not simply creating programmes—she is nurturing a new way for Aotearoa New Zealand to approach resources, responsibility, and our shared future.

Continental Expands Use of Recycled PET, Recycled Steel, and COKOON in its Tyres

Continental is further advancing its commitment to sustainability by integrating renewable and recycled materials into its tyre production processes

Dedicated to the principles of the circular economy, the company is also motivating its suppliers to innovate and provide increasingly sustainable materials for tyre manufacturing. In 2024, renewable and recycled materials made up an average of 26% of Continental’s tyre production. The company has set an ambitious target to raise this figure to at least 40% within the next five years.

Expanding the Use of Sustainable Reinforcement Materials

One of Continental’s primary goals is to identify and implement more sustainable alternatives to traditional raw materials used to reinforce tires. These reinforcement materials are crucial for ensuring dimensional stability and maintaining tyre performance throughout their lifespan. In passenger car tires, reinforcement materials—mainly steel and textiles—constitute approximately 18% of the total materials used, and this proportion is even higher in commercial or specialty vehicle tires. To address this, Continental is increasing its use of recycled steel and polyester yarns made from recycled PET bottles. Additionally, the company is incorporating more sustainable manufacturing methods, such as COKOON bonding technology, in its tyre production. Innovative alternatives are also being explored across all raw material groups, including synthetic rubber derived from used cooking oil, resins from bio-based waste, and silica sourced from rice husk ash.

Continetal’s matthias Haufe

Matthias Haufe, Director of Materials Development and Industrialisation at Continental Tires, explains, “We are not reinventing the wheel, but the tyre, with more sustainable materials and more environmentally friendly production processes. It’s not just about the rubber itself. We also focus on the materials that shape the rubber and make tyres stable and safe. Recycled steel and polyester yarn made from recycled PET bottles are important for more sustainable tyre production. Our goal is to use at least 40% renewable and recycled materials in our tires within five years. Every alternative material brings us a significant step closer to this goal.”

Recycled Reinforcement: Advancing the Use of Sustainable Steel and Polyester Yarn

Steel and polyester play pivotal roles in ensuring tyre performance and safety. Steel is present in several tyre components. In commercial and specialty vehicle tires, for example, high-strength steel cords are used to reinforce the casing, delivering exceptional durability, high load capacity, and enabling retreading. Steel is also utilised as reinforcing wires in the bead core of passenger car, commercial, and specialty vehicle tyres, running along the circumferential edges of the rubber bead to securely attach the tyre to the rim. Furthermore, steel cords are found in the tread layers of various tyre types, where they enhance puncture resistance, tread stability, and comfort, while also reducing noise, boosting fuel efficiency, and extending the range for both combustion and electric vehicles. Continental is increasingly using recycled steel in its tyre portfolio, ensuring that this shift does not compromise safety or performance.

Alongside steel, Continental is emphasising sustainability in its use of polyester textile materials. Polyester yarn made from recycled PET bottles is used to reinforce passenger car tyre casings, improving the stability of the rubber bead. Depending on the tyre size, the casing material for a single tyre can be made from up to 15 recycled PET bottles. This polyester yarn is woven into a robust textile cord that absorbs internal tyre pressure forces and maintains dimensional stability, even under high loads and temperatures. In collaboration with textile manufacturer OTIZ, Continental has developed ContiRe.Tex technology, which transforms recycled PET bottles into high-performance polyester yarn suitable for tyre casings. This process, verified by SGS, a leading inspection and certification company, reduces CO₂ emissions by about 28% in PET cord fabric for tires compared to fossil fuel-based alternatives. Continental already uses this innovative polyester yarn in standard passenger car tyres, such as the UltraContact NXT. The recycled PET bottles used in this process are sourced exclusively from regions without closed-loop bottle recycling systems.

Recycled PET textiles from KORDSA

COKOON: A Smarter, More Sustainable Bonding Technology

“When it comes to sustainability, it’s not just about the materials we switch to, but also those we deliberately forgo,” states Haufe. In collaboration with Kordsa, a global leader in textile reinforcement materials, Continental has developed COKOON, an environmentally friendly bonding standard for rubber/textile compounds. This technology enables the bonding of textile reinforcement materials to rubber compounds without the use of resorcinol or formaldehyde in the textile dip bath. To foster industry-wide sustainability, Continental and Kordsa have made COKOON available as an open-source, royalty-free solution for all tyre manufacturers and their suppliers. Interested companies are encouraged to request samples and adopt this innovative approach.

Pyrum Innovations AG Q3 Results

Pyrum Innovations AG has published its interim group report for the period from 1 January to 30 September 2025

Sales in the first nine months amounted to EUR 1,762 thousand, up around 62% on the same period of the previous year (9M 2024: EUR 1,086 thousand). Capitalised own work amounted to EUR 5,661 thousand (9M 2024: EUR 6,192 thousand). The decline resulted from the largely completed commissioning work on most of the plant components for the factory expansion in Dillingen. At EUR 7,594 thousand, total output was thus at the previous year’s level (9M 2024: EUR 7,653 thousand). Other operating income tripled compared to the same period last year to EUR 2,819 thousand (9M 2024: EUR 881 thousand). This was due to investment subsidies of EUR 2,422 thousand (EUR 531 thousand) for the creation of jobs in Dillingen, which resulted from the completion of the main facilities for the plant expansion.

EBITDA improved in the first nine months of 2025 compared to the same period last year to EUR -4,734 thousand (9M 2024: EUR -5,445 thousand). Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) amounted to EUR -7,232 thousand (9M 2024: EUR -7,132 thousand). Adjusted for investment grants and capital procurement costs, EBITDA amounted to EUR -7,048 thousand (9M 2024: EUR -5,904 thousand) and EBIT to EUR -9,546 thousand (9M 2024: EUR -7,591 thousand). The consolidated net result for the period amounted to EUR -8,243 thousand
(9M 2024: EUR -7,982 thousand). Available liquidity as of 30 September 2025 amounted to EUR 5,127 thousand (31 December 2024: EUR 11,740 thousand).

Pascal Klein, CEO of Pyrum Innovations AG, said; “We have recently made great progress with regard to our rollout plan. In Perl-Besch, we broke ground for Pyrum’s next plant and have already ordered key long-lead components. In Czechia, we have signed the joint venture agreement with the SUAS Group and have already concluded a 10-year purchase agreement for the oil produced there. In addition, funding from the European Innovation Fund has been approved for the project in Greece, which means that financing is fully secured. Based on these developments, we continue to expect to significantly expand our production capacities by 2027 and achieve a positive result.”

With regard to the full-year forecast, Pyrum recently assumed that it would be able to significantly increase the production output of the new grinding and pelletising plant in the remainder of 2025. Although initial adjustments have already been made, these targets have not yet been achieved to the extent expected. Nevertheless, the management of Pyrum Innovations AG expects to achieve the forecast sales for the Group and the AG of between EUR 4.5 million and EUR 6.0 million and total output in a range of EUR 10 million to EUR 15 million at the lower end of the ranges. The Group’s earnings before interest and taxes for the full year 2025 are still expected to be in the range of EUR -8.5 million to EUR -10.5 million.

The interim group report for the period from 1 January to 30 September 2025 of Pyrum Innovations AG is available on the company’s website HERE 

Tyrewise Celebrates Success

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Tyrewise, Aotearoa New Zealand’s national scheme for collecting and recycling tyres, has released its first annual report – marked by millions of tyres collected, thousands of registered partners, and a fast-growing recycling industry

The report recognises how the tyre supply chain came together on the path to tackle a difficult waste stream. It’s a snapshot of its first 13 months of operation, including the first seven months of tyre collections. Highlights include:

– 36,801 tonnes of tyres collected (the equivalent to 4.6 million passenger car tyres)

– 4,624 registered partners (from tyre importers and retailers to transporters and recyclers)

– 86 public collection sites in 13 regions, and growing

Bridgestone’s NZ General Manager Sales and Operations-Fleet Jeremy Mackintosh says the scheme has transformed the way the sector deals with waste tyres. “The scheme brought the industry together in a way that wasn’t there before,” he says.

That’s a sentiment echoed by Adele Rose, CEO of Tyrewise Scheme Managers 3R Group. “Tyrewise has created a system-wide change in one of the most widespread industries in New Zealand. Whether you own a car or ride a bus, we all contribute to tyre waste – now we’re all part of the solution,” Rose says.

“Tyres have become the poster child for turning a challenging waste stream into an opportunity using product stewardship and circular economy principles.

“Year one proved that regulated product stewardship works and works well. We’ve gone from a situation where millions of end-of-life tyres were being landfilled, stockpiled, or illegally dumped, to them being collected for recycling or repurposing – creating jobs, value and adding to the economy,” Rose adds.

Tyrewise is governed by charitable trust Auto Stewardship New Zealand (ASNZ) and is funded by the tyre stewardship fee, which is charged on the sale of all new, regulated tyres in New Zealand.

The fee means tyre consumers can leave their old tyres with registered partners for collection by the scheme’s network of registered transporters, Rose says. Members of the public can also drop off up to five tyres for free at registered public collection sites, typically transfer stations or community recycling facilities.

ASNZ Independent Chair Mark Gilbert says the success of the scheme is largely due to the “collaborative spirit, expertise and enthusiasm of our partners and stakeholders.” He acknowledges ASNZ and Tyrewise have work to do to nurture market demand for products made from recycled rubber materials.

In the second year the scheme will focus on strengthening connections and growing the domestic market to reach the goal of 55,000 tonnes of tyre-derived rubber sold into the domestic market by year seven, he says.

To help stimulate market growth, Puna Taurima, the Tyrewise Fund, launched in July 2025, attracting over 60 expressions of interest in funding for research and development, emerging markets and community development.

A recently announced initiative with Tyre Stewardship Australia – the Trans-Tasman Tyre Recycling Alliance – will prioritise initiatives which create high value, circular economy outcomes for end-of-life tyres in both New Zealand and Australia.

Gilbert believes the tyre recycling industry in New Zealand is only set to grow. “With the supply of material now flowing, research and development, investment in technology and changes in procurement practices will surely follow,” he says. Read the full report HERE

Selwyn District to Host New Zealand’s First Rubber Road Surface Trial

Selwyn District Council, in partnership with Treadlite New Zealand, is set to launch the country’s first trial of a rubber road surface in Glentunnel, Canterbury

This innovative project aims to explore sustainable uses for end-of-life and recycled tyres within the roading sector.

The trial, scheduled for early next year, will utilize recycled rubber granules supplied by Treadlite NZ, the nation’s sole provider of this material for pavement applications. The council is collaborating with its roading contractor, believed to be HEB, to deliver this pioneering initiative.

“We are excited to see recycled rubber improving the performance of New Zealand roads in the near future,” said Brad Pierce, Executive Director of Treadlite NZ.

This trial is part of Selwyn District Council’s broader commitment to innovation in infrastructure. Other recent initiatives include the use of plastic grids in road rehabilitation to reduce excavation needs, and the introduction of the StormBrixx underground stormwater management system to address surface flooding. The council is also exploring a new model, where contractors lease road lanes, incentivising efficient project completion.

Despite rapid growth and increased traffic, Selwyn’s roads are among the smoothest in New Zealand, with maintenance costs per kilometre averaging 15 per cent less than other networks. However, the council acknowledges ongoing challenges as road surfaces age and traffic volumes rise

VACC Supports Waste Tyre Enquiry

Victoria’s principal automotive organisation has urged the government to implement a mandate regarding end-of-life tyres, aiming to combat illegal dumping and promote investment in recycling initiatives, in Australia

The Victorian Automotive Chamber of Commerce (VACC) has formally announced its advocacy for a mandatory, co-regulated stewardship scheme designed to establish clear accountability across every stage of the tyre lifecycle—from manufacturers and importers to retailers and end consumers. The proposed initiative aims to create equitable industry conditions, ensuring all participants fulfil their environmental responsibilities. This stance is in response to the ongoing inquiry by the House of Representatives’ Standing Committee on Industry, Innovation and Science regarding the Australian tyre industry’s contribution to the circular economy.

Furthermore, VACC is urging the government to advance beyond investigation and implement a compulsory product stewardship scheme for end-of-life tyres, drawing inspiration from the successful model operating in New Zealand. Chief Executive Officer Peter Jones described the inquiry as long overdue, yet a positive development. He emphasised that the automotive sector requires fair regulation of waste tyre management, noting the inadequacy of current practices for compliant businesses.

Presently, Australia produces over 67 million end-of-life tyres annually, with approximately 25 per cent unaccounted for in Victoria—raising concerns about illegal dumping and stockpiling. According to VACC, the current voluntary stewardship scheme, while beneficial in supporting research initiatives, has not significantly lowered collection costs or stimulated substantial investment in recycling infrastructure.

 Jones highlighted the challenges posed by non-compliant operators who disadvantage responsible businesses through deceptive practices, including unlawful disposal of tyres, which creates fire hazards and impairs local communities. He underscored that this issue extends beyond environmental impacts, representing a matter of competitive fairness for law-abiding enterprises.  Jones called for more stringent penalties on illegal dumping and enhanced regulatory measures to safeguard both the environment and legitimate industry stakeholders.

VACC reiterated its commitment to collaborating with the parliamentary inquiry and governmental authorities to develop practical, innovative solutions, promote investment in recycling technologies, and support sustainable business models within Victoria’s automotive industry.  Jones also accentuated the significant capacity of the tyre sector to foster a circular economy and generate employment in recycling and resource recovery. He asserted that government leadership and a mandated stewardship framework are crucial to realising these opportunities.

Tyre Stewardship Australia expressed support for Rob Mitchell MP’s efforts in addressing the complexities involved in advancing circular outcomes for end-of-life tyres nationwide. According to their statement, the current inquiry represents an important step towards leveraging $70 million in domestic market potential offered by a reinforced circular economy for tyres. Recent developments, such as the ‘round trip summit’ in Melbourne—which convened over 200 global industry figures—demonstrated widespread endorsement of strengthening domestic markets and underscored the need to redirect end-of-life tyres into the local economy.

Tyre Stewardship Australia advocates for a holistic approach encompassing the entire tyre lifecycle, from design to recycling and market expansion, consistent with international best practices regarding chemical management, reuse, retreading, and preparing the industry for advanced circular economy objectives. The committee is currently accepting written submissions related to the inquiry terms of reference until Friday, January 23, 2026, and encourages comprehensive engagement from all automotive industry stakeholders.

Tyrewise Talk Data Collection, Logistics and Fraud Prevention at Round Trip Summit

In our latest TRR Insights video, we speak with Cam Edwards, Data & Systems Manager at Tyrewise who discusses how data collection is a key pillar for planning the Tyrewise scheme’s future. He also touches on key findings from the first year of operation, including collection volumes and the long distances tyres are traveling for processing.

Tyrewise: Data Collection Feeding into Continuously Improving Scheme

In this video, Camexplains how the data system is crucial for fraud prevention, using automatic flags for weighbridge discrepancies, suspicious distances, and even image recognition. Finally, he outlines how the Tyrewise team and field reps respond to and investigate these potential fraud incidents.

Chapters:

0:00 Introduction to TRR Video Insights & Cam Edwards

0:49 Data as a Key Pillar for Planning the Tyrewise Scheme

1:32 Key Data Findings: Collection Volumes & Transport Distances

2:32 Using Data for Fraud Prevention: Flags & Weighbridges

3:30 How Tyrewise Responds to Potential Fraud Incidents

4:14 Conclusion

Trans-Tasman Tyre Recycling Alliance Formed

Tyre Stewardship Australia (TSA) and Tyrewise New Zealand have launched the Trans-Tasman Tyre Recycling Alliance (TTRA), an independent body aimed at improving circular economy results for end-of-life tyres in Australia and New Zealand

Funded by both TSA and Tyrewise, TTRA seeks to promote regional collaboration, innovation, knowledge sharing, and higher industry standards, with future plans to involve Pacific neighbours. The initiative follows the successful Round Trip Summit in Melbourne, which drew over 200 global stakeholders.  

Formalising Regional Collaboration

Together, Australia and New Zealand produce more than 600,000 tonnes of tyres that reach the end of their life each year. Both countries encounter obstacles with adopting new technologies, developing markets, and navigating regulations. However, their approaches differ due to distinct market sizes and structures. New Zealand has fewer opportunities for using recycled tyre materials, so it seeks to learn from Australia’s wider experience with downstream uses. On the other hand, Australia can benefit from New Zealand’s implementation of a mandatory regulatory scheme.

Tyre Stewardship Australia 
TSA’s Lina Goodman

Lina Goodman, CEO of Tyre Stewardship Australia, emphasised the strategic importance of the partnership;  “We must work together across borders to unlock the full potential of circular tyre recovery and build resilience against global market disruptions. Through TTRA, we can get ahead of risks, capitalise on opportunities, and accelerate the development of local markets for tyre-derived materials.”

Adele Rose, CEO of 3R Group which manages New Zealand’s Tyrewise scheme, note; “Tyrewise has demonstrated how quickly a regulated system can deliver high collection rates and meaningful recovery outcomes. Through TTRA, we can not only share our learnings but can also be the incubator for new technology that demonstrates how a regulated well-supported scheme can foster greater circular outcomes. In addition, this assists us to support our close pacific neighbours who receive new and used tyres from our respective countries, often without the resources to manage those tyres when they become end of life.”

Recent studies show Australia recycles only 30,000 tonnes of end-of-life tyres locally, losing over $50 million in resource value from OTR tyres each year. Currently, 40% of Australia’s old tyres and most of New Zealand’s are used for energy recovery instead of material recovery at home.

Adele Rose
Tyrewise’s Adele Rose

Shared Vision for Higher-Value Recovery

The new alliance will prioritise initiatives that involve higher-order material applications, including crumb rubber in roads, advanced manufacturing, and innovative product development.

The five strategic focus areas of TTRA will include:

  1. Technology and Innovation: Showcasing global best practices and facilitating connections between technology providers and end users.
  2. Market Development: Supporting demand creation for high-value tyre-derived products in infrastructure, manufacturing, and construction.
  3. Policy Advocacy: Advancing circular economy frameworks, procurement standards, and regulatory reform across both countries.
  4. Knowledge Sharing: Creating forums for industry collaboration and evidence-based decision making.
  5. Regional Voice: Australia and New Zealand operate in a global market where dynamics can shift rapidly. The TTRA will provide a unified voice for Australasia in international forums, ensuring our region’s interests and perspectives are represented in global tyre stewardship discussions.
     

Looking Ahead

The alliance will launch in early 2026, with governance and strategy details to be set soon. Planned initiatives include industry summits, technical groups, and joint research. TSA and Tyrewise will remain independent but provide support and expertise to the new regional body. Lina Goodman noted the alliance advances product stewardship, circular economy goals, and government mandates for recycled content, especially in infrastructure. Adele Rose highlighted that TTRA aims to foster resilient economies, job growth, innovation, and environmental responsibility through collaboration in tyre recycling.

TIP Research on TRWP Testing

Tyre Road Wear Particles have become an increasing concern with EV tyre and brake wear emissions claimed to exceed exhaust emissions from late model ICE cars

The Tire Industry Project, a group of leading tyre manufacturers, has been working to quantify and address the problem. The thinking is that unless you know what the problem is, you cannot solve it.

The first step is analysing the emissions

The Tire Industry Project has announced the publication of a new scientific study that confirms the robustness of an improved Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) method for quantifying tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) in environmental samples.

Titled “Pyrolysis-GC/MS calibration for environmental quantification of tire tread: Standards and marketplace averaged elastomer subunit profiles and published in the peer-reviewed journal Chemosphere’s September 2025 volume, the study validates a Py-GC/MS protocol that now improves accuracy and reproducibility in quantifying TRWPs in soil and sediment, even when particle composition varies by either geography or tyre manufacturing method. The research was conducted by Stantec Consulting Services, Inc. and supported by TIP as part of its ongoing commitment to advancing tire wear emissions science.

Why It Matters

TRWPs are receiving increased attention from scientists and regulators, and accurate measurement is essential to understanding their potential impact on ecosystems and human health. This study addresses a long-standing challenge: the variability in rubber composition between calibration standards and real-world tire samples. By using market-weighted average elastomer profiles from the US and EU, researchers refined the Py-GC/MS protocol to reduce measurement bias and improve consistency across diverse environmental samples.

Py-GC/MS is recognised as the most advanced and accurate method of TRWP analysis by the scientific community. In the current study, researchers analyzing cryo-milled tire tread (CMTT) samples representative of market averages from the US and EU found that the samples contained similar styrene and butadiene content across both regions. By modifying the Py-GC/MS protocol to leverage this finding, the researchers confirmed the mitigation of known sources of environmental measurement bias, strengthening the method’s ability to account for real-world variability in TRWP composition.

Key Findings:

  • Improved calibration: Uses representative cryo-milled tyre tread (CMTT) samples to ensure accurate quantification across geographies.
  • Standardisation support: Contributes to the development of international standards such as ISO/DIS 21396 and ISO/AWI 20593.
  • Scalability: Calibration standards remain stable for up to three months at 4°C, enabling efficient batch preparation and multi-laboratory application.

“This study represents a significant step forward in harmonizing methodologies and standardsing TRWP quantification,” said Larisa Kryachkova, Executive Director of TIP. “By advancing the Py-GC/MS method, which TIP has supported through years of sustained research and partnership, we’re ultimately strengthening the global scientific ecosystem’s ability to collaboratively understand and address tire wear emissions.”

To read the full study, visit: https://tireparticles.info/academic-resource/#post-596